Imisebenzi Eyisiseko yeSikhangeli seFreme KwiZemvelo Zokudala

Ukuzifundza Ngokubulala Kwesithuthi: Ukudizaina, Izincongo, Nokuthuthukwa Kwempiyama

Umdlalo Otholwene Nokuphathelene Kwegumbhu njengamaphakade Okubulala Kwesithuthi

Amabhloko ebombelela ngaphandle nezihlangothi zokudlulisela ezenziwa yisikrweleta esihlanzekileyo kusebenza kahle phakathi kwemithombo yokuqwalasala futhi ekugcineni iqiniso eliqashelene nokulawula. Lezi ziphawu zihlanganisa ngendlela ethinta ubunzima ngendlela efana, ngakho ke zingasebenzise ngempela amapondi angama-75 ngosuku lwesikhwama ngekuthintana nokuphepha okungcono noma ukushintjana kwebombelela. Ingxoxo eyisithe 2024 yeConstruction Materials yafumana into ethandabuzeka futhi: izikrweleta ezihlanzekileyo zihlanganiswa ngama-40 kabusha kunazo ezintfangaso ezivela emshinini wamathuba naseclamp. Lokhu kusukwa kuyinto eqondene kakhulu uma izikhathi zokugcina ziyanele embangweni.

Ukuhlonipha okuphila kwezinhlelo ezihlanzekileyo ezenziwa ngaphambi kwemisebenzi yokuqhubeka emadodakeni

Ukumelana kwayo kwalungiselela ukongezwa kwe-18% ngonyaka ekusetyenziseni isikhangeli esihleli ngezinyathelo ukusukela ngo-2021 (Inxwelo Yobuchwepheshe Bokwelaphahla Ngempuma, 2024). Izixhobo ezivalelweyo zibeka ubomi bendlalo ngama-30% emakhaya aphakade, ihlanganisa izidingo njengezithuba eziphazamisekileyo zokuthunywa nezimvo eziphambene. Izingcingo ezihleli zibeka phansi inkohlakalo, ibambisane nokwelapha ngendlela ethembekileyo.

Ukunqamula Isikhangeli Sefreyimu Ekuplaneni Kwisiprojekthi Ngokuqinisekile

Ukufakwa kwesikhangeli sefreyimu kwiziphumo zokuqala kubeka phansi umsindo wokulungiswa kabili nge-52% (Umnyango Wokwenza Ngokuhle, 2023). Ukuplanisa ngokusasa kuvumela ukulungiselela kwezindawo zokufinyelela kumaxesha, iplumbing, nokusebenza kwangaphandle, ukuze kube lula ukuguqulwa phakathi komsebenzi. Le ndlela eyayisebenzisa ikhubaza imini engama-14 kuphela emizindeniphi yamanzi aphezulu.

Isifundo Senkasimende: Isikhangeli Sefreyimu Kwisiprojekthi Yokuhlala Ephantsi Kude eTexas

Ukuchazwa kwaka-2023 kweprojekthi yezindlu ezinezikhundla ezi-12 eTexas kwakubona ukuthi izinhlelo zomgca wokwakha kwenzeke kube khona umsebenzi wokugcina nangaphakathi ngokuphindwe. Le ndlela yabenza ukuthi izindleko zokhirelwa kwezixhobo ziphinde ziphule ngama-$28,000 futhi yahlanjulula izinsuku zokufinyelela ekugcineni ngama-25%. Ukugcina okugcile kugcwalisa ngeminyaka engu-19—iminyaka emithathu ngaphambi kokusungulwa.

Umqoka wokwakha kwezindlu nezempilo

Umqoka wokwakha usebenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke iziprojekthi ezifakazwa kuzo indlu eyodwa kuya kumphakathi. Ukuzinikela nokunikezwa kwayo kwenza kube yisicelo esibalulekile kakhulu kubasebenzisi bonke.

Ukusebenzisa kwindlu enye: ukuphala ngaphandle, ukuvakwa, nokufinyelela ekugcineni

Ezinkokheli ezifunayo ukufinyelela kwezobanzi, izikhangala zoframu zinikeza iplatiphomu ezivuselelekile nezibambisane. Izilinganiso ezitholakalayo zisenkela ukuphatha okuhle kwezimpahla, ukulayisha, nokulungisa izihlalo. Isondlo sokuvikela ekugcineni imfundo yekhihi e-2023 ikhuthaza ukuthi abasebenzi ababiliwe ngamakhanda angama-78% bafuna izikhangela zoframu kunaladheba ngokuba zinezikhungo zokuvikela kanye nezinxibelelaniso ezingavaleki.

Ukuthuthuka kwesikhangela sofremu emakhanda amancane kuya emaphakathi amakhaya

Izinhlelo zofremu ziqhubeka lapho izidingo zokuphakama ziphinde ziphinde ziyandula. Ngelinye ilaba elinezimbili ezine emGolide eAtlanta, izigwebo zazidweba isikhathi esizayo—kuya kusilwa kwezobumba kuze kube yizimboni ezimu. Uguquko lwemodiwuli kwalivumela umsebenzi wamathuba aphindwe phansi ngelixa ukubumba kuzodwa kuzovezwa phezulu, kusho ubunzima bezindlela zokusebenza ngaphandle.

Isibonelo: Ukuguqulwa kwekhaya lethengiselweni enkathini usebenzisa izikhangela zofremu H

Indlu yethengezo ehlukile e-1960s yayiguqulwa usebenzisa izikhangela zofremu H ukuze kutholeke kakhulu ukulindiswa ngaphandle. Ugcino lukwenzeka:

• Ukufinyelela ngokulinganayo kwezikhala zokubandla (15 ft) nezivikelo zezindlu zaseflorile yekhaya
• Ukubuyekezwa ngokushesha ukufinyelela kwabantwana ngomnquba
• Ukuthunyelwa ngezihloko zomthelelo ukuze kubuyiselwe iziphiye zezintonga

Lendlela ikhulula isikhathi ngeminyaka emithathu kulokho okuphileneyo kwegambo elingaphakade.

Ubuncane bokugcina nokunjalo komphindo kumakhanda amancane namakhanda amakhulu

Izindlu ezincane ngokwesivinini zingakwamukela i-frame scaffold esibonile isikhathi esingaphezu kwezintathu uma zinezixhobo ezibalulekile zitholakala. Kodwa kumasebe amakhulu, izinto ziyashisa ngokuthi izinxenye ezakhiwe ngaphambi kwalokho zivumela ukuthi izigaba ezahlukene zikhiwe ngokufanayo. Ngokomzekelo, umsebenzi wokudala okuphathelene owayenzelwa ePhoenix lapho abasebenzi abangu-20 bakhula ngaphezu kwemitha engu-1200 yesikrini sangaphandle ngomuso wokusebenza oyedwa. Indlela yokunciphisa imali iyavuswa kulezi zinxenye ezisetshenziswa kabili eyanciphisa izindleko zokubalaza ngama-40% kunazo zinye izinhlelo zikhona, lokhu kwenziwe yinkinga yezimali evela kudatha ye-2024.

Ukuphila Kwaphakade, Ukubuyekeza, Nezisebenzi Ezithile Ngokusebenzisa I-Scaffold Efelanayo

Indima Elinqunywe Ngokuphila Kwaphakade Nokulungisa Imfazwe Ephelele Nezifasade Zezigaba Ezaphezulu

Amasakha weframe ayamukela ngokuthembekile ukulungiselela izindlu, izindlu ezihlotshazwe kahle, nezandla zezinkundla eziphakeme. Izikomponi zazo ezinhlosoke zifakazela emizimbeni engalindelekileyo, zivumela ukulungiswa okuphelele kwebhuloki, ukubuyisela amathambo, noma ukusebenzisa i-coating esethembayo. Isahluko se-2022 sokuvuselela kwezinfrastruxhura sabonisa ukuthi izistemu ezakhiwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi zibeka isikhathi sokulungisa izandla ngama-18% ngaphansi kwezindlela ezibalulekileyo.

Amasakha asebenzayo weFrame Ngokufinyelela Ngokuthe ngqo Emaphrojekthini Yokulungisa Nezokuthutha

Amasakha afaka nge-wheels anemigodo yasebenziswa khona kakhulu emabheni wokuphatha inhlaka namathuba angconyelwe. Lezi zinhlayiya zivumela ukuthi zilandelane futhi azidlangalale. Ngexesha lokuthutha kwindawo yasekhaya yesithupha se-1970s, abasebenzisi babeka ukuthi bakhuthazekile ngama-32% ngaphansi kwezixhobo zokugcina ngokuthi ziqhubekela futhi azigcine ngendlela ethile.

Ukuxhasana Nokuphala, Ukubhakisha, Nenkokheli Yekheshi Emlanjeni

Amasafoldi aqhubekayo amenza ukuba izigaba ezahlukeneyo zisebenze ngokuhlanganisa phakade—izikhalixo zingalawula i-conduits ngaphezulu kwezimali ezingavimba izinzu. Amagwala nezihlalo eziqondene nge-OSHA azixhasa emehlweni yokuphepha kwezinyawo (29 CFR 1926.451), ngelapho izibhendi zeplatifomu ezide kuya ku 42" zivumela ukugcina izinto ngemva kokuphuhlisa izinkatho.

Ukwebaka kwamasafoldi aqhubekayo ngokulungileyo kusetyenziswa ngokuphepha nokufinyelela

Izici ezifakwayo zixhomekeza kizinkinga ezihlukeyo zendawo:

• Izibhendi ezinemigwa yezisebenziso ezingenamandla ngexesha lokulungisa izimpande
• Izihlangothi ezinguqulelo ngokunzima kwindiza emanzini emdlotsheni
• Izifunda ezivalelweyo zeziphatfo ngokuphepha kwezinhleli ngaphakathi kwemithuthi ethile
  Lokhu kwebaka okuchangethekile kususa izilungiso ezizenzekelayo ngo-74%, njengoko kuchazwe eziphephandabeni zamasafoldi ngo-2023.

Izinhlobo zamasafoldi aqhubekayo nezisetyenziswa ngokwephrojekthi

Ukulinganisa izistemu zamasafoldi aqhubekayo zaseMelika, yeYurophu, neyaseJaphani

Izinkinga zokudizayina zaseNingizimu zihlenza izinhlelo zokuthutha: izinhlelo zaseMelika zisebenzisa isitshili esikhulu esihlukene ngezindleko zezimali; izinhlelo zaseYurophi kuselwa ukulinganiswa okusetshenziswayo komkhawulo ukuze kugcinwe ubungqamuzi bempahla; izidizayina zaseJaphani ziwuthakathaka izilonda ze-aluminum nezinqumila ezifakwa ukuze zingcobe indawo ephakeme. Izahluko zibonisa ukuthi emakhanda aseNyakuntwana, abafuna izinhlelo ezilula ngokunxande kumzekelo owodwa-6 kuze kube ngu-8.

Isithuthi sika-A vs. Isithuthi sika-H: Imisebenzi Ngokusho Kukhangelwano Nenhlalo

Isithuthi sika-A sisetshenziswa khona kakhulu ekusebenzeni kwesivuno esisodwa njengekufaka igumbhu noma ukubopha ngoba kususelwa ngokushesha. Izinhlelo zika-H zixhasa umsebenzi wasekhaya kuze kube 9 mita (30 feet), zinikeza amandla angu-50% kabanzi (OSHA 2023), futhi zibe yisiphetho esihle kubagcini abasebenzisa i-pallets yezindlu noma izixhobo zokubopha.

Izicaba Ezibalulekileyo: Izihlangothi, Izibhamu, Izindawo Zokusetha, Ibase Plates, Nezixhoshisi

Konke isithuthi sezihlangothi sisebenzisa iziqondiso ezihlanu ezibalulekile:

• Izikhishwa : Izihlangothi ezivuthayo nezinqumila ezihlakaziywa ngaphambi kwemba (izilinganiso ezihlelekile: 29" noma 36")
• Izibhamu : Amalinya amadiagonali ethintana ukuguqulwa kwegolide ngama-70% (Inxenye Yokuqinisekisa Kukhokhelo lwePutzmeister 2024)
• Amasango : Amadekhi aqondene nge-OSHA angama-19"–24" anezikhala ezingavimbi
• Izinqawo Zemali : Amamodeli athuthelwayo ezilayini ezidinga kuze kube ngu-10°
• Izikhakha : Izixhobo zokunamathela noma zokudonsa ezivumela ukubuyiselwa kwakhona ngapha ngaphezu kwemizuzwana engu-15

Ukulungiselela Ukubopha Kwisimo Nokulungiswa Ngendlela Efanayo Kusakhiwo Seframu

Njengoba izinto eziphakathi eziphakathi kwezinto eziphakathi zilandela iistandatha ze-ISO 14122-3 zokhuseleko, izilungiso ezifanayo kuhleli kufana nokulungiswa kwamabhloko aphathekayo eCalifornia kanye nezandla ezincane ezibanzi ngama-24" eTokyo ekugcineni kwezimali. Abayikhi bahlala basebenzisa izinto ezilondoloza ubunzima kodwa bazilungise izixhobo kanye nezwidth zezandla ukuze ziqondene nezidingo zendlu.

Izindlela Ezilungileyo Zokufaka Nezimpendulo Zokhuseleko KwiScafholdi ZeFremu

Incazelo Ephaqeleyo Yokufaka iScafholdi YeFremu Emhlabathini Ongafani

Ukufaka iiscafholdi zefremu emhlabathini ongafani kudinga izilungiso ezithembekileyo. Sebenzisa iibase zokulungiswa okanye izi-jack ezishixiwe kuyo yonke indawo ukulungiselela izilayini ezidinga kuze kube ngu-1:20. Landela lo msebe wokuphinda kabini:

1. Ukulungiswa Kwemhlabathi : Sula izinkunzi bese uzivikela umphakathi ohluphekile. Yekelani izintambo ezimbi ngomphakathi noma iplethi zezilishwa.
2. Ukubalisa Kwegumbi : Faka iplathi zegumbi ngokungaphandle kwesilindele, bese uqhagamshela amakhofu ngokudonsa okuphakeme.
3. Ukugcina Ngokufupha : Qhagamshane amakhofu ngokufupha, uvikele inzuzo enkulu yokuphakama-kumaqondo engu-3:1 emabheni angaphansi.

Uhlobo Lwendleke	Indlela Yokulungisa	Inzuzo Ephelele Yokusinda
Umphakathi Ohluphekile	Iplathi Zezilishwa	10°
Ibhulukwe	Izibhamu zomgubho	15°
Ikhokhwe	Iphedi yokulungiselela	20°

Imithetho Yezulu eYimelelayo kuma-OSHA nezinhlobo zokuhlola njalo

Kufuneka ku-OSHA ukulunga okujwayelekile kwegumbi ngumuntu othandabuzekile. Izinkontrol ezibalulekile kufana nokuthinta kwebhodi yokuqeda, izihlalo ezihlanganayo ngokungenani inci e-12, kanye nezixhumanisi zebrasi zocingo ezivinjelwe. Abasebenzi kumele baphilise izindlela zokuphepha kakhulu xa baphatha phansi kusuka emaphakathini angaphezu kwe-10 inci, njengoba kuchazwe emigangeni ye-OSHA yenguqu lwa-2024 ngokuphepha kwesigaba.

Ubusizo beDatha: Ukuncipha kwe-60% kwezinkinga zegumbi ngenkathi kufundiswa kahle

Ukwahlolwa kwa-2024 kwezindawo zokudala ezingu-1,200 kwakubonisa ukuthi izigaba ezifunda isikulo se-OSHA esingu-10 ihora ngokuphepha kwesigaba sasiphula izinkinga zokungena ngaphandle kwe-60% kunazo izigaba ezidingekayo. Izigaba esibalulekile sokufundisa kufana nokubala kwebalinganiso yendawo—njenge-50 lbs/sq ft ebekiwe endaweni enobukhali obumncane—kanye nezidlalo zokuphatha izinkinga zokuhluka kwesigaba.

Isikhombisi Sokuqala

Yiziphi izintambo ezibalulekile zokusebenzisa igumbi elisematholeni?

Ukucushwa kwe-frame kusizenza ukukhetha uhlelo olutholene nesivinini, kuvumela ukulungiswa nokulondoloza okuphephile. Lezi zixhumanisi zihlukanisa umbane ngokulinganayo bese kufakwa ngokushesha kungekhanda elijwayelekile njenge-scaffolding yebhodi nesilonda.

Kani ukucushwa kwe-frame kusiza ekugcineni indlu emadulweni?

Izinhlelo ezivalekileyo zokucushwa kwe-frame zifaniwa emadulweni ngoba zikhiqizwa ngendlela efaka izindawo futhi zingakhethi umsebenzi wasekhanda ngo-30%. Zisiza ekufaniseni imithetho ephephile yokulondoloza bese zilahlela izinto ezingcono, zenza kube yindelela yokudala.

Ngaba ukucushwa kwe-frame kungagcinwa ngokulinganayo ngenkinga eyodwa?

Yebo, ukucushwa kwe-frame kungagcinwa ngokulinganayo ngezinto ezifana nezibhiji ezinemigomo yesandla esahlukene noma izimvuthu ezinezimoto zokulondoloza phambi kwemisebenzi yezinhlelo zezekwe. Lokhu kugcinwa kokulinganayo kususa into eqashelwa kuzo ngaphandle kuka-74%.