Isikopula Sembili Yokuguqula Kwezinkulungwane Ezahlukene

Ukuthi i-Transition Rebar Coupler yini futhi kungani kuyisisekelo esikhulu kweminye yezinsiza zokwakha?

Uqinisekiso nokusebenza kwezinsiza zokwakha zokuguqula i-Rebar

Izinkampani zokuguqula izihlathi zezihlathi ziyizinkampani zezobuchwepheshe ezithile ezisakhiwe ukubambisana izihlathi zezihlathi (noma izihlathi) lapho zinamathuba amahlanu. Izinkampani zezobuchwepheshe zezifunda kahle ukubambisana izihlathi eziphakade, kodwa izinkampani zokuguqula zibambisa isikhundla phakathi kwamathuba amahlanu njenge-ET16/12 ne-ET40/32 ngaphandle kokuvula ubukhulu bezobuchwepheshe. Okunika lezi zinkampani ubukhulu bokusebenza kubhekise kuthi akukho inkinga yokubambisana ngokuphakade (lap splicing) okuyinto ekhona kulezi zinkampani, okwenza izinkinga eziningi emkhakheni njengezihlathi ezinkulu kakhulu kanye nokuphatha kwezihlathi ngokuphakade kwezihlathi zezihlathi. Idata eyisidlo esitsha kweziraporti zezobuchwepheshe ibonisa okuthile okuhle futhi: kunezinyanga ezingu-8 kunezinyanga ezingu-10 abaprofesiwane abasemthethweni ababhalwe ngomnyaka wa-2024 abathiyela ukuthi bazifuna izinkampani zokuguqula lapho kufuneka kubambiswe amathuba amahlanu. Kungani? Ngoba ukufaka kuzoba ngokuphakade kwezinyanga ezingu-25% ngaphansi kokufaka ngokuphakade kwezinyanga ezingu-25%, ngokuthi abaprofesiwane abaningi babhalwe kumkhakhe waseNingizimu Afrika.

Isigaba Sekuthuthukisa: Ukubulawa Kwezinkundla Zokugcina I-Structural Continuity Phakathi Kwemiphumela Yezinkundla Zokuphatha Amaphetha

Izindlela Zokugcina Amaphetha Ezinkundla Ziyagcina Ngokuvamile Ekuseni Lwesikhathi Esisha Kulawulo Lwezinto Ezifana Nezinkundla Zokuhlela Amaphetha Nokugcina Izinkundla Zokuphatha Amaphetha Ngokuzikhipha Amaphetha Ngokuphatha Isibonelo, Ngokuzikhipha Amaphetha Ngokuphatha Isibonelo. Uma amaphetha ayishintsha inkundla yabo, izinkundla Zokugcina Ziyagcina Ngokuvamile. Lezi zinkundla zihlala zisibonelo sokugcina ukuzikhipha isibonelo esingaphansi kwezinkundla zokushintsha ngokuzikhipha amandla ngokuphatha amaphetha noma ngokuzikhipha amandla ngokuzikhipha amaphetha ngokuzikhipha amaphetha. Izimpendulo Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugcina Zokugc......

Ukuphakama Kwezimali Zokugcina Izinkundla Eziningi Kwizindlu Zokugcina Nokugcina Izinkundla Eziningi

Izindawo eziphakade, izitsha zokugqibela kwezinye izindawo, nezindawo ezihlukene zokubuyisela kuzo ziyadinga ukuguqula ubude bezinkambo zokuphatha xa izinye izinyathelo zezindawo zidinga amaphakathi amahle. Ngokwemibhalo yezindustria eyadlulayo ekuqaleni kwe-2023, kubonakala ukuthi kunezindlela zokusebenzisa lezi ziququzelelo zokuguqula (transition couplers) ezinkambo zokuphatha ngokuvamile ngokwezinye ngokuphakeme kwe-18% ngonyaka, ikakhulu kumaqondiso akhulu awasezindawo eziphakade kakhulu, okungukuthi ezindawo eziphakade kakhulu kunezimili ezingu-50. Lo mifanekiso? Kusiza ekugcwaliseni lezi zindlela zokuguqula kwezinkambo zokuphatha apho inkambo yezinkambo zokuphatha iyagcinwa kwezindawo ezizimbi. Noma ngokubona isiphetho sesiqondiso se-Marina South Towers eSingapure. Abaqondi bayaqinisa umkhakha wamaphakathi okuphatha ngokuvamile ngokwezinye ngokuphakeme kwe-30% ngokuguqula kwezinkambo zokuphatha ezilandelwayo kuma ET25/20 couplers kwezinye izindawo zezindawo. Kuyakwazi uma sibona ngokubonisa ukuthi kubonakala njengokuthi kufanele kusuke kwezindlela zokuthenga nokubhekana nokuthuthukisa kwezindawo.

Ukuthuthukisa Kwesindustria: Ukuguqula Kusukela Kuqondiso Lwezinkambo Zokuphatha Ngokwesigaba Sokuguqula

Izinkampani eziningi azisahlanganisi izinsimbi ezindaweni zokwakha, kodwa zisebenzisa izinhlelo zokuqinisa ezakhiwe kusengaphambili ezihlanganisa izixhumi zokuzihlanganisa. Kusho ukuthini lokhu ngokoqobo? Kuyanciphisa ukusebenza endaweni ethile cishe ngama-40%, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu uma ubheka amaphrojekthi amakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, mancane amathuba okwenza amaphutha ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi njengasezingxenyeni ezigobile zamapayipi ebhuloho lapho ukucacisa kubaluleke kakhulu. Enye inzuzo ivela ekubeni yizinhlelo ezihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile. Empeleni ziyasiza nasekwakheni izinto ezihlanzekile. Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi lapho izinkampani zishintshela emagcekeni okuqinisa asevele enziwe anezixhumi zokuhlanganisa, zigcina zichitha insimbi engaphansi ngo-22%, uma kuqhathaniswa nezindlela ezivamile. Futhi njengoba imithetho yokwakha iqhubeka iba ngqatha ngokuqondene nokuthi yini ethathwa njengesiqiniseko sokwakhiwa, ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zindawo zokuxhuma ezihambisanayo maduze nje ziyoba imishini ejwayelekile kunoma ubani ofuna ukwakha ingqalasizinda ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zanamuhla kuyilapho ibekezelela uvivinyo lwesikhathi.

Amathuluzi Avela Kona Nokuthenga Kwamaphakathi Okuhlanganisa Amabarayi Okuqondwa

Amathuluzi Amanje Okuhlanganisa: Ukuze kwe-ET16/12 kuze kwe-ET40/32

Amahlanganisi okuhlanganisa amabarayi okuqondwa ayenzelwe ukubridja amabarayi okuqondwa okwesikhala esiphakeme kusukela ku-12mm kuze ku-40mm, ngezinhlanganiso zezinhlobo zokusebenza ngokujwayelekile njenge-ET16/12 (okuhlanganisa amabarayi we-16mm ne-12mm) kuze ku-ET40/32 kumasevisi okwenza izinto ezinkulu. Isibonelo sesiqhelo sokufaneleka sifana nalezi:

Ikhowudi Yohlanganisi	Ibarayi Encane (mm)	Ibarayi Enkulu (mm)	Ukukhula Kwezimali Zokusebenza (kN)
ET16/12	12	16	125
ET25/20	20	25	260
ET40/32	32	40	620

Lezi ziqembu zokufaka zikwakha izinto ngokwezindawo zikususa ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphela kwezindlela zokufaka kwezindawo, njengoba kuboniswa ngemibhalo yokuqhubeka kwe-MBT Transition Coupler, okuyisibonelo sesigaba sezinkampani ezingu-15 nangaphezulu eziphathelene ne-ISO 15835-2018.

Imibhalo Yezixhumanisi Zokusebenza, Izinhlobo Zokulingana, Nezindlela Zokuxhamukana

Izinkinga ezingcono zivela ku-:

• Ukuguqula kwesikhala : Kuhambisana phakathi kwe-2.5mm (ngamabara we-ø20mm) kunye ne-3.0mm (amabara we-ø25mm)
• Izinqumo zokushaya : 200–450 N·m ngokwahlukanisa ngokwezinye zezingxenye zokushaya
• Ukuhambisana kokugcina : Ukuguqula kungaba kude kwe-2.5° ngokwezinye zezingxenye zokushaya ngokwe-ACI 318-19

Abahleli bakhokha ukuguqula ngokulingana kwe-±0.15mm ukuze bakholeke ukuthi kubhekwa kwe-98% kokuziphatha kwezimali kuzo zonke izindawo zokuguqula.

Ukukhetha I-Rebar Coupler Elinganani Ngokwesikhathi Saseprojekthi

Ukukhetha kubhekiswe emithathu imiphumela:

1. Isikhathi sesiprojekthi : Amacoupler athwelelwe ayaphakisha isikhathi sokufaka ngamashumi ayisithupha (60%) kulap splicing kuzindawo zokufakwa kwemithombo yezinkundla.
2. Imyengelelo yeMdloti : Amacoupler ase-ET32/28 ayabamba amaphuzu ayezinkundla ezinkulu (550 kN) — akhona kakhulu kuzinkundla zokuhlela izinkinga zokushisa.
3. Izindlela zokusebenza kwendawo : Kuzindawo ezingaqondi kwezindawo zomkhakha, amacoupler okuguqula ayaphakisha ukuthi inkundla yebhetha ibe ngamashumi ayisithupha (35%) kulokho kwe-mechanical splices.

Qiniseka zonke izicertifiketi zamacoupler ngokulingana nezinhlangano zokusebenza kwezindawo — isibonelo, amamodeli ase-ET25/20 ayavunyelwe kabefore ukusebenza ngokulingana nezinhlangano zase-ASCE/SEI 7-22 zokuvikela phansi kokushisa.

Ukusebenza Kwesistimu Yezinkundla Nokuhambisa Kwamaphuzu

Imiphumela Yokuqonda Ukudistributeka Kwamaphuzu Ngokwahlukanisa Kwamaphuzu Ama-Bar

Izicakathi zokuguqula izihlangu zokugqamisa zisebenza ngokuthumela amaqhina okuphatha kwezihlangu zokugqamisa ezithandabuzwa ngokusebenzisa izihlangu zokugqamisa zokubhala ngokuthi ziyizihlangu zokugqamisa zokubhala, ozithandabuzwa ngokukhulu. Kumaqhelana apho abasebenzi bokuphatha amaqhina badinga ukugqamisa izihlangu zokugqamisa nezilinganiso ezahlukeneyo njenge-ET25 ne-ET20, lezi zicakathi zinezinhlobo ezingaphansi kakhulu ezinokuthumela amaqhina ngokulinganisana kwezihlangu zokugqamisa zombili ngokulinganisa kweziquketho zabo zokuphatha. Amathuba okufunda okwenziwe ngokusebenzisa imodeli yezinto ezingaphakathi (finite element modeling) ayabonisa into ethile eyisivumelwano ngokuthi ubukhulu bendlela yokuphatha kusuka kulezi zicakathi. Ubukhulu bendlela yokuphatha kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi, okuyisivumelwano ngoba kunezidingo elincinci lokuthi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kubhekiswe kuhleli lwesikhathi kub......

Iziphakamiso zokuphatha: Ubukhulu bekuthumela ukuphatha nokulandela i-ACI 318-19 (Ukuphatha kungaphezu kwe-98%)

Ukuziqonda kwezinye izifundo kubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukuthuthukisa kwemithambo emibili ngokuphelele kwe-94%–98% kuzo zonke izihlakahlaka zemithambo emibili ephakathi kwe-12 mm kunye ne-40 mm. Lokhu kufika phezu kwe-85% yokugcina kwe-ACI 318-19 yezinkqubo zokuhlanganisa ezincwadini zemithambo ekhaya lezinsiza zemikhumbi yezinkambu zokuchitha. Izifundo zemithambo yezingqondo zekhanda (0.2–3 Hz) zazisabela ukuthi kune-90% yokugcina kwemithambo yezingqondo emva kokuziphatha kwe-50,000, okubonisa ukuthi kunezinhloko zokuziphatha.

Ukuhlamba Ukuzimela Kwemithambo Ekupheleni Kwezinhloko

Izindlela ezintathu zokulungisa izinhloko zemithambo ezizodwa kwezinhloko zokuhlanganisa:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto : Isteel yomthwalo wokufaka (I-Grade 800 MPa) enesibonelo sokudlula ngokuphelele kwe-18%
• Ukuvumela kwezinhloko : Izinkambu zokuhlamba kwe-7°–12° ukuze kusukwe kuzigcine kwezinhloko zemithambo.
• Izimemo zokufaka : Ukufaka ngokusebenzisa i-torque (isilinganiso se-120–350 N·m)

Ukubalansha Ukufakwa Ngokunzima Kunye Nezimali Zokuphatha Kwezinhloko

Amaphayela esikhundleni asibonisa ukuthi izikopula zokuguqula zimshisa amahora wezindlela ngemiphumela yezinkulungwane ngama-40% kulap splicing emazweni okugcina. Isimo sokubhala kwanazo ngokuphelele kusivumela ukukhupha kwezinkulungwane zokugrout ezihlukene kwezinkulungwane zokufaka, ngakho kusivumela ukuthi kubhekwe isibonelo se-10 mm–15 mm sokuguqula ukusobala kwesifuba noma kusobala kwesikhathi sokufaka.

Amasiko Amakhulu Emisebenzi Yokuqhubeka Nokuguqula Kwezindawo Eziningi Nemisebenzi Yokuqhubeka

Use kwi-Beam-Column Joints ne-Shear Walls ngezindlela zokuhlanganisa izinkulungwane ezingenziwe ngokuphambuka

Izicombiner zokuguqula izihlangu zokugqogqola ziyagcina kakhulu kulezi zindawo eziphambili zokugqogqola njengezindawo zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola nezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezihlangu zokugqogqola kwezih......

Ukuhlela Ukufihla Kwesilika Ne-Umahluko Phakathi Kwamabhaqa Ngokusebenzisa Amacombiner Amanquma

Amathesithi ase-2023 asibonisa ukuthi izikampani zokuguqula ezisemthethweni zinokunciphisa indawo yokubeka kwemvelo yekonkreti ngama-15 kuze kube ngama-25 percent uma zihambiswana nezinkampani zokugxilwa kwezindawo zokugxilwa kwezindawo zokuphatha isheeru, kusukela emisebenzini yokuhlela amasheeru. Kusukela ekusebenzeni kwezimboni zokuhlela izinsiza ezingaphansi kwezinsiza, lokhu kusho ukuthi abahleli bakhokha ukuzinikela kwezinsiza zokuhlela ngaphandle kokuvula imithetho yase-ACI 318-19 yokuqondana nokwahlukaniswa. Yenza isibonelo sesikhombiso se-ET16/12 sokuthi sibuyela ngama-40 percent ngaphansi kwezindawo zokugxilwa zezindawo zokugxilwa zokudala. Lokhu kusivumela ukuthi lezi zikampani ziyasebenza kahle kwezindawo ezingaphansi kwezindawo zokugxilwa kwezinsiza, okuthi kubhekwa phakathi kwezinsiza nezindawo zokugxilwa kwezinsiza, okuthi kubhekwa kahle emisebenzini yokuhlela.

Isibonelo Sesikhombiso: Ukuchaza Kwesifunda Sokuhlela Izinsiza Zokubuyisa Amaphuzu Ngokusebenzisa Izikampani Zokuguqula Ze-ET25/20

Kuqwalaselwa kweminyaka yoku-2022 yokuphakamisa ubukhulu bekuphakamisa imithombo yase-Columbia River, izikhipha zika-ET25/20 zazisakha ukuthi kuzokwenzeka ukuthi kubuyiselwe umthelela wokusebenza ngokufanele ngokuphakeme kwe-98% phakathi kwezinkamba zezinkampani zase-25mm nezinkamba zezinkampani zase-20mm ezintsha—kubonisa ukuthi kuzokwenzeka ukuthi kuzobuyiselwa umthelela wokusebenza ngokufanele kwezimithombo zokugcina isikhathi sokunyuka kwezinhlobo zemithombo yezindlu. Le solushini yayisula amaweldi angu-300+ emlandweni, okuvalela isikhathi sokuphakamisa ngemizuzu engu-18 futhi ayavuleka ukuthi iphumelele kwezinkinga zokufakwa kwe-Caltrans zokubuyiselwa umthelela wokusebenza ngokufanele ngokuphakeme kwe-1.5x.

Amaph advantages kumaphakade aphakanyisiwe noma kumaphakade amahulumeni apho ukulap-splicing akwazi ukwenziwa

Izinkamba zokuguqula zezinkampani zisakha ukuthi kuzokwenzeka ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuthi kuzokwenzelwa ukuth......

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Izinkamba zokuguqula zezinkampani zisebenza ngani?

Babizakhiwe ngamadivayisi emechanikhi ukuhambisana kwezinkambo zokuphatha izinkambo zokuphatha ezihlukene kwezinhlobo, ukubhekisa ukuthi isithuthi sokugcinwa sasemphakathini singaphansi kwamazinyo okuphatha.

Kungani amakhamphu wezinkambo zokuphatha okuhlanganisa kakhulu abahambisana kunezindlela zokulapheka zokuphatha?

Amakhamphu okuhlanganisa akususa izinkinga njengezinkinga zokuphatha kwezinkambo ezibhede kakhulu futhi abavumela ukufaka ngokushesha, ukunciphisa isikhathi ngokwesibili ngokwesibili ngokwesibili ngokulingana nokufaka ngokulapheka.

Amakhamphu wezinkambo zokuphatha okuhlanganisa kakhulu bakhelwa kanjani ukuthi isithuthi sokugcinwa sisebenze ngokuphelele ekupheleni kokubuka kwamagugu?

Baqhubeka ngokuzilahla umthelela ngokuzilahla amandla ngamathelezi noma ngamathelezi ayoqondwa ngokuzilahla, nokuthi amaqhina ayasho ukuthi abuyisela ngokwesibili ngokwesibili ngokwesibili kwezinhlobo zezinkambo zokuphatha ezihlukene.

Izimali zokusebenza zezinkambo zokuphatha okuhlanganisa kakhulu ziyiphi?

Zisetyenziswa kakhulu emabhizinjini amaningi, ekupheleni kokubuka kwamagugu, nemisiko yezinkambo zokuphatha eyodwa, ikakhulu lapho iziqu zokugcinwa zizidinga ukuguqula izinhlobo zezinkambo zokuphatha.

Kuzime iziph advantage zokusebenzisa imithambo yezinkulungwane eziyisifunda ngemithambo yokuqondana?

Lezi zinhlelo zimshisa umsebenzi wasekhaya ngeminyaka engu-40%, zibeka phansi ukuphatha kwezinkulungwane, futhi zinconywa ekufundeni kwemikhono emihle yokwakha ngaphandle kokubona imithambo eyodwa yezinkulungwane.